What substance made from resin is known for its antibacterial and antifungal properties?

Propolis is the substance made from resin that is known for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. It is produced by bees when they collect resin from trees and plants, which they then mix with wax and other substances. The resulting propolis is used to seal cracks in the hive, creating a protective barrier against pathogens and pests. Its composition contains various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, and essential oils, which contribute to its antimicrobial properties. These characteristics make propolis an important element in hive sanitation and provide additional health benefits for both bees and humans, as it is often used in natural remedies.

The other substances listed do not share the same properties. Bee wax is primarily used for building honeycomb and does not possess significant antibacterial or antifungal qualities. Nectar serves as a food source for bees and is converted into honey but lacks the protective characteristics of propolis. Pollen is a vital protein source for bees, important for their nutrition and development, but also does not exhibit the same antimicrobial properties that propolis does.